he cycle of the impostor.
The desire to be special or to be the best.
The superman/superwoman aspect.
Fear of mistakes or failure.
Denying one's own competence and ignoring praise.
Fear and guilt for one's own success.
1985. Harvey and Katz defined “imposter syndrome” as “a psychological pattern rooted in a strong and latent sense of being a fraud when it comes to achieving something.” In their opinion, “imposter syndrome” should have three characteristics:
The belief that you are deceiving other people.
Fear of being exposed.
Inability to acknowledge one's achievements, abilities, intelligence, or qualifications.
1991. Koligian and Sternberg proposed the term "perceived fraud" to avoid confusion between "imposter syndrome" and common fraud. They considered "imposter syndrome" not an emotional disorder, but a combination indonesia number data of cognitive and affective elements, that is, a fixed pattern of thinking.
2005. Cats de Vries studied the phenomenon of deception and included the “impostor syndrome”. He considered deception to be a social norm – after all, we should hide our weaknesses and stay within generally accepted standards of behavior. According to Cats de Vries, going beyond the limits gives rise to two extremes: unethical deception (banal fraud) and neurotic deception (i.e., “impostor syndrome”). Let’s consider what he meant by the norm and the extremes.
Norm. Each of us is an imposter because we strive to conform to certain perceptions of our surroundings and demonstrate a public “self” that is different from our true selves.
Real impostors. They put on a false identity to deceive others and get pleasure from it. Such people may have a real fear of exposure.
Neurotic impostors. Their experience of cheating is subjective, meaning they don't do anything truly unacceptable. Such people feel like cheaters regardless of what outside observers think. They are characterized by fear of failure or success, perfectionism, procrastination, and workaholism.
All definitions of scientists agree on one thing: "impostor syndrome" is the subjective psychological experience of a person who is afraid of being exposed and is sure that he is a fraud.
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